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Propranolol is a non-selective β-adrenergic receptor antagonist (beta-blocker) that blocks both β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors. By doing so, it reduces the effects of adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline in the heart, lungs, blood vessels, and other tissues. This leads to a slower heart rate, decreased force of contraction of the heart, reduced oxygen demand, and lower blood pressure.

Uses / Indications:

• Hypertension (high blood pressure)
• Prevention and treatment of angina (chest pain)
• Arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats)
• Migraine prophylaxis (to prevent migraine)
• Essential tremors (shaking)
• Other: after heart attacks (to improve survival), for pheochromocytoma (adrenal tumour), hypertrophic heart muscle disease, etc.

Mechanism of Action:

By blocking β-receptors, propranolol reduces heart rate (negative chronotropy), reduces force of contraction (negative inotropy), reduces conduction velocity through AV node, and lowers renin release from kidneys. It also has effects on the central nervous system (can cross blood-brain barrier) which helps in migraine prevention, anxiety/tremor control etc.

Dosage Forms:

Available in various strengths: tablets, extended release formulations, also as oral solution, sometimes injection. Common doses vary depending on condition (for example low doses for migraine prevention, higher doses for hypertension or heart conditions).